Power Grids

Did You Know..?
- If America’s power grid was 5% more efficient, the savings in energy would be equivalent to eliminating the fuel and greenhouse gas emissions from 53 million cars.
- Power outages in America cost its citizens at least $150 billion every year, which amounts to nearly $500 for each individual.
Power Grid Basics
The electric power grid system in America is not composed of a single national system, but rather three large sectional power grids. They are named the Eastern, Western, and Texas Interconnected Systems. The Eastern and Western systems interconnect with Canada while the Western and Texas systems link with Mexico. The grid is considered a very centralized, outdated, and “just in time” system with the average power generation station built in the 1960s. The grid is not well suited to deal with end-users producing their own energies, such as through solar or wind power. It also prevents the proactive involvement of consumers since information flows almost exclusively uni-directionally to the power producer. Finally, power outages from the current system cost business nearly $100 billion per year.
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[edit] More on Power Grids
Electric power generators in America consist mostly of nuclear, coal, oil, and gas turbine plants. Baseload generators are primarily nuclear power plants that consistently produce a minimum amount of electricity. [1] There are also intermediate plants that work intermittently and consist mostly of gas turbines to produce electricity. Finally, peak power generating plants (mostly coal and oil powered plants) are much more expensive and are used only during peak power demands. Since electricity cannot be efficiently stored, the electricity must be generated as demand requires. [2]
Regardless of its source of origin, after the electricity is produced it is collectively grouped into what is called system power. [3] Electricity from this system power is then transferred to the transmission system. At substations of the transmission system, system power electricity is converted to a very high voltage for long distance travel. The transmission system contains over 700,000 miles of high voltage power lines. [4] When the electricity has reached its distribution system stations, this high voltage energy from the transmission system is converted to a much lower voltage for shorter local travel. This distribution system has an additional 1 million miles of power lines. A final transformer near the house or business then converts the electricity to an even lower final voltage for commercial consumption. [5]
A so-called “smart” grid has been proposed, and in some areas, like Austin, Texas, is already implemented. [6] The smart grid is not a singular entity, but rather a collection of technologies and improvements that make the power grid more efficient and reliable. This grid would allow electricity and information to flow bi-directionally and in real-time, allowing consumers to make well-informed decisions on power consumption and become aware of any problems. It would also allow power plants to meet the demands of energy more efficiently and prevent power outages because operators would be able to track demand more effectively. [7] It would also ease the incorporation of various renewable energy sources (e.g. wind and solar power) both from individual households and energy companies into the grid. By simply increasing the efficiency of the current system by only 5%, it would have the equivalent effect of removing 53 million cars from the road. [8] In 2007, the House of Representatives introduced the Smart Grid Facilitation Act, which would modernize the transmission and distribution systems and instruct the Secretary of Energy to implement the smart grid technologies, but it was never passed. [9]
[edit] Relevant Reports
- To learn more about smart grids, read The Smart Grid: An Introduction. This report was prepared for the Department of Energy by Litos Strategic Communications. It outlines the limits of the current power grid system in America, and describes what technologies and features comprise the new proposed Smart Grid System.
- The report, "GridWiseTM: The Benefits of a Transformed Energy System," was prepared by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory for the Department of Energy. It specifically outlines the advantages of switching to a modern grid system and how it will benefit both the energy suppliers and consumers.
[edit] Action in the 111th Congress
[edit] Floor Votes
- HR.1. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009
- Sponsor: Rep. David Obey [D-WI]
- Title V: Energy and Water
- Section 5001: Authorizes WAPA (Western Area Power Administration) to use funds for new or upgraded power transmission lines and related facilities.
- Section 5002: Makes borrowing authority available to the Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) to assist in finance the construction, acquisition, and replacement of the BPA transmission system.
- Title VII: Energy
- Section 7002: Directs Secretary of Energy to provide financial support to projects in all areas when implementing smart grid regional demonstration initiatives. Also, instructs Secretary to establish smart grid information clearinghouse to make data from projects and other sources available to the public.
- Extends authorization for appropriations for smart grid indefinitely.
- Increases the federal match to 50% for qualifying smart grid investments under the Smart Grid Investment Matching Grant Program.Adds additional regulations to matching program
- Section 7003: Makes eligible for federal support any project for electric power transmission systems.
- Section 7005: Instructs the Secretary to include in the 2009 National Electric Transmission Congestion Study analyses of the reasons for failure to develop adequate transmission capacity.
- Section 7002: Directs Secretary of Energy to provide financial support to projects in all areas when implementing smart grid regional demonstration initiatives. Also, instructs Secretary to establish smart grid information clearinghouse to make data from projects and other sources available to the public.
- 1.28.2009. House - 244 Ayes, 188 Nays, 1 Present/Not Voting
- 2.10.2009. Senate - 61 Ayes, 37 Nays, 1 Present/Not Voting
- 2.17.2009. Signed by President Obama
[edit] Introduced Bills
Reps. Thompson and King introduced legislation to address vulnerabilities in the electric grid. The bill, HR 2195, gives the Secretary of Homeland Security and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission additional powers to assess and address vulnerabilities in the electric grid, including from cyber attack.
Senator Lieberman introduced legislation to address vulnerabilities in the electrical grid. The Critical Electrical Infrastructure Protection Act of 2009, S 946, requires the Secretary of Homeland Security to conduct an investigation if the electrical grid is compromised.
- H.R. 964: Emergency Solar Power Permit Act - To amend the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 to exempt any solar energy project on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management from an environmental impact statement requirement.
- Sponsor: Rep. Dana Rohrabacher [R-CA]
- Introduced: February 10, 2009
- Status: Referred to Committee
- HR. 629: Energy and Commerce Reinvestment and Recovery Act - Amends the Energy Independence Act to require the Secretary of Energy to establish a smart grid information clearinghouse. Provides Matching grants for qualifying Smart Grid Investments.
- Sponsor: Rep. Henry Waxman [D-CA]
- Introduced: January 22, 2009
- Status: In Committee
- S. 5: Greener, Cleaner, and Smarter Act of 2009- Calls for the transforming US infrastructure to make the infrastructure sustainable and the United States more competitive globally, including transmission grid modernization and transportation sector electrification.
- Sponsor: Sen. Harry Reid, [D-NV]
- Introduced: January 6, 2009
- Status: Reported to committee
[edit] News Stories on Power Grids
- Smart Grid Delivers, gathers energy from end-users From Connecticut Post on March 23, 2009.
- Describes the Future Renewable Electric Energy Delivery and Management (FREEDM) Systems Center and how it has partnered with industries and universities to develop new grid technology.
- Denton Municipal Electric Launches Smart Grid Initiative With Trilliant Inc. From MSNBC- Marketwire on March 11, 2009.
- Denton, TX partners with Trilliant Inc to install 500 sq. meters of smart grid in the Dallas-Ft.Worth area. Plans include the installation of automated metering infrastructure (smart meters).
- Stimulus Dollars Energize Efforts To Smarten Up the Electric Power Grid From the Washington Post on March 10, 2009.
- Duke Energy has staged a smart grid dramatization in northern Kentucky to show just what smart grid technology can do. Their company is allocating $1 billion towards smart grid technologies over the next 5 years. Other areas, like Boulder, CO will also begin utilizing smart grids soon.
- Will Americans learn to love ‘smart grid’? From New York Times on February 27, 2009.
- Describes the general lack of knowledge about Smart Grids many Americans have, despite millions of dollars in advertising by GE. Discusses advertising strategies for smart grid promotion to raise public awareness.
- The New Smart Grid: 21st Century Tech for the 21st Century From PopSci.com on February 27, 2009.
- A nice summary in plain language describing what a smart grid is and how it compares to the current system. Outlines the benefits of smart grid implementation.
- Four big reasons to get behind the smart grid From InfoWorld on February 26, 2009.
- Summarizes four business driven reasons for supporting smart grid technology.
- Siemens to explore innovative options for connection of electric vehicles to public power supply grid From The Financial on February 26, 2009.
- Discusses how Siemens would like to partner with EDISON group.
- Leading Smart Grid Provider Testifies on Capitol Hill From MSNBC on February 25, 2009.
- CURRENT, LLC CEO Tom Casey testifies to House Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming about the substantial impact implementation of Smart Grid technology would have on Nation's electricity system. Casey stressed that a deployment of a Smart Grid would produce more than $3 billion of benefits for a utility serving 1 million homes over 17 years.
- Smart grid project matches wind to electric cars From CNET News on February 25, 2009.
- Discusses the EDISON (Electric Vehicles in a Distributed and Integrated Market using Sustainable Energy and Open Networks) research consortium and how they plan match power generation from wind turbines to the power consumption of charging plug-in electric cars. IBM publishes a survey that shows consumers want to manage their energy consumption.
- Nation’s leaders urge action on better electricity grid From CNN on February 23,2009.
- Energy Secretary Chu discusses some the political setbacks that have prevented smart grid technology from being employed.
[edit] Endnotes
- ↑ Department of Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/grid_control.html
- ↑ Department of Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/grid_control.html
- ↑ Department of Energy: http://www.eere.energy.gov/de/grid_architecture.html
- ↑ Prepared for DOE by Pacific Northwest Nat. Labs.: http://www.pnl.gov/energy/eed/etd/pdfs/pnnl-14396.pdf
- ↑ Prepared for DOE by Pacific Northwest Nat. Labs.: http://www.pnl.gov/energy/eed/etd/pdfs/pnnl-14396.pdf
- ↑ Reuters: http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS140319+23-Sep-2008+BW20080923
- ↑ Prepared for DOE by Pacific Northwest Nat. Labs.: http://www.pnl.gov/energy/eed/etd/pdfs/pnnl-14396.pdf
- ↑ Prepared for DOE by Litos Strategic Communications: http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/DOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages.pdf
- ↑ Library of Congress, THOMAS: http://thomas.loc.gov
