Scientists & Engineers for America

Stem Cell Research and Public Policy

On March 9, 2009, President Obama signed an executive order lifting the restrictions on funding for embryonic stem cell research. However, lifting the ban does not repeal the prohibition (shown here in H.R. 3043, the 2008 appropriation for HHS) on using federal funding for creating destroying, or discarding human embryos, known as the Dickey-Wicker amendment.

In 2001, President Bush issued an executive order allowing the use of federal funds for stem cell research to 64 stem cell lines that had already been created using private money. Researchers were prohibited from using federal funds to create new stem cell lines if it meant the destruction of an embryo. Instead, Bush promised to spend $250 million for research into the creation of umbilical cord placenta, adult and animal stem cells.[1] This compromise was met by resistance from scientists who argued that the already created lines did not provide enough genetic diversity.Additionally in 2005, researchers reported that the federally funded lines were contaminated with a non-human sialic acid, Neu5Gc, derived from the mouse feeder layers on which the stem cells were grown. The presence of Neu5Gc would produce an immunogenic response if the stem cells were implanted into humans, thus limiting their therapeutic usefulness.[2] President Bush has twice vetoed bills which would allow federal funding for new stem cell lines, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Acts of 2005 and 2007 (H.R. 810 [3], S.5 [4]).

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[edit] Latest Developments

  • On March 17, 2009 Obama issued guidelines regarding stem cell research by "limiting government-sponsored embryonic stem cell research to cells taken from excess fertility clinic embryos." [1]
  • On March 9, 2009, President Obama signed an executive order lifting the restrictions on funding for embryonic stem cell research. However, lifting the ban does not repeal the prohibition on using federal funding for creating destroying, or discarding human embryos, known as the Dickey-Wicker amendment.
  • Obama’s lifting on the ban on stem cell research raises many moral questions for the NIH, who now has the responsibility of placing limits on stem cell research. The NIH has 120 days to make decisions concerning ethical research. Obama did ensure that human cloning would not be considered. Obama stated that he made his decision to allow the NIH to determine the guidelines for stem cell research practices so that politics would be separated from science. [2]
  • A study has revealed that human-animal hybrid embryos may not be effective as substitutes for human eggs in stem cell research. They stopped growing at a point and could not express certain necessary genes. [3]
  • On January 29, 2009, researchers announced that stem cell transplants were reversing multiple sclerosis symptoms when used as a treatment. When early stage patients were given bone marrow stem cell transplants in conjunction with chemotherapy treatments, improvements could be seen. [4]
  • On January 23, 2009, the FDA approved the first-ever human trial using embryonic stem cells for medical treatments. Geron Corp is the company that will begin running tests on spinal cord injury patients, in hopes that stem cells will help their condition. "'This is the dawn of a new era in medical therapeutics,' said Thomas B. Okarma, Geron's president and chief executive officer. The hope that stem-cell therapy will repair and regenerate diseased organs and tissue 'goes beyond what pills and scalpels can ever do.'" [5]
  • Scientists and researchers are excited for President Obama's anticipated lifting of the ban on embryonic stem call research set by former President George Bush. As this executive order is being anxiously awaited, some researchers are voicing concerns over limited research funding due to the current state of the economy. While many hope that the new stimulus plan will be allotting a larger portion towards embryonic stem call research, some are hesitant to take funding at the expense of other research programs. A study has shown that a majority of Americans are in favor of stem cell research and once new projects begin, there may be an increase in private funding as well. [6]

[1] On January 11, 2007 Representative Steve Kagen, M.D. put out a press release focused on Stem Cell research.

[2] On January 11, 2007 Representative Heath Shuler put out a press release on Embryonic Stem Cell research.

[3] On January 11, 2007 Representative Jim Gerlach put out a press release regarding his stance for Stem Cell research.

[4] On June 7, 2007 Representative Jason Altmire put out a press release detailing his vote for Stem Cell research.

[edit] Stem Cell-Related Legislation in the 111th Congress

[edit] Stem Cell-Related Legislation in the 110th Congress

[edit] Floor Votes

Stem Cell Research Enhancement Act of 2007 (S. 5)

This bill would have amended the Public Health Service Act to allow federal funding for embryonic stem cells regardless of the date of creation of the line.
  • 4/11/07 Passed the Senate–63 Ayes, 34 Nays, 3 Present/Not Voting,
  • 6/7/07 Passed the House—247 Ayes, 176 Nays, 10 Present/Not Voting
  • 6/20/07 Vetoed by President

HOPE Act (S. 30)

This bill amends the Public Health Service Act so that research is conducted without the destruction to human embryos. It also creates a joint study to recommend a plan for an amniotic and placental stem cell bank program.
  • 4/11/07 Passed the Senate—70 Ayes, 28 Nays, 2 Present/Not Voting

[edit] Introduced Bills

Amniotic Fluid and Placental Stem Cell Banking Act of 2007 (S. 957)

Sponsor: Sen. Richard Burr (R-NC)
Introduced: March 22, 2007
Status: Read twice and referred to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions

Alternative Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapies Enhancement Act of 2007 (H.R. 322)

Sponsor: Rep. Roscoe Bartlett (R-MD)
Introduced: January 9, 2007
Status: Sponsor introductory remarks on measure

Cures Can Be Found Act of 2007 (H.R. 457)

Sponsor: Rep. Ronald Paul (R-TX)
Introduced: January 12, 2007
Status: Referred to the House Committee on Ways and Means

[edit] Relevant Documents

CRS Report–Background and Legal Issues Related to Stem Cell Research

This short report details some of the legal issues surrounding stem cell research. Legislation proposed to respond to the limitations imposed by the Executive Order of 2001 is also discussed.

CRS Report–Stem Cell Research: Federal Research Funding and Oversight

This report details the current state of embryonic stem cell research (as of March 2007). Presently, 21 cell lines are available for federal research funds. The NIH Director Elias Zerhouni testified before Congress in March of 2007 that research advancement requires access to new human embryonic stem cell lines, and while adult stem cell lines are useful, they should not be the sole target of research due to technical limitations. This report also details the bills that Congress has passed regarding stem cells since the Executive Order of 2001.

CRS Report–Stem Cell Research: State Initiatives

This report details the state initiatives that have been passed to circumvent the federal ban on funding work with embryonic stem cell lines that were made after 2001. States justify these initiatives to encourage or provide funding for stem cell research in order to remain competitive and prevent the relocation of scientists and biotechnology firms to other states or overseas. This report details the advantages and disadvantages of states providing such funding.

[edit] Relevant Developments

March 9, 2009 President Obama signed an executive order lifting the restrictions on funding for embryonic stem cell research. However, lifting the ban does not repeal the prohibition (shown here in H.R. 3043, the 2008 appropriation for HHS) on using federal funding for creating destroying, or discarding human embryos, known as the Dickey-Wicker amendment.

August 9, 2001 President Bush issued an executive order allowing the use of federal funds for stem cell research to 64 stem cell lines that had already been created using private money. Researchers were prohibited from using federal funds to create new stem cell lines if it meant the destruction of an embryo. Instead, Bush promised to spend $250 million for research into the creation of umbilical cord placenta, adult and animal stem cells.[7] This compromise was met by resistance from scientists who argued that the already created lines did not provide enough genetic diversity.Additionally in 2005, researchers reported that the federally funded lines were contaminated with a non-human sialic acid, Neu5Gc, derived from the mouse feeder layers on which the stem cells were grown. The presence of Neu5Gc would produce an immunogenic response if the stem cells were implanted into humans, thus limiting their therapeutic usefulness.[8] President Bush has twice vetoed bills which would allow federal funding for new stem cell lines, the Stem Cell Research Enhancement Acts of 2005 and 2007 (H.R. 810[9], S.5[10]).

[edit] Endnotes

  1. Ceci Connolly. "Compromise Rules Issued on Embryonic Stem Cells." Washington Post. March 18, 2009. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/17/AR2009041701880.html
  2. Stein, Rob. "Obama's Order on Stem Cells Leaves Key Questions to NIH." The Washington Post 10 Mar. 2009. 12 Mar. 2009 <http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/09/AR2009030903156_pf.html>.
  3. Heidi Ledford. "Hybrid embryos fail to live up to stem-cell hopes." Nature. February 3, 2009. http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090203/full/457642b.html
  4. Julie Steenhuysen. "Stem cell transplants show promise for MS: study." Reuters. January 29, 2009. http://www.reuters.com/article/scienceNews/idUSTRE50S7KZ20090130?pageNumber=1&virtualBrandChannel=0
  5. Ron Winslow and Alicia Mundy. "First Embryonic Stem-Cell Trial Gets Approval From the FDA." Wall Street Journal. January 23, 2009. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123268485825709415.html
  6. Gardner, Amanda. "Scientists Heartened at Prospect of End to Stem Cell Ban - US News and World Report." Health News Articles - US News Health. 9 Feb. 2009. 10 Feb. 2009 <http://health.usnews.com/articles/health/healthday/2009/02/09/scientists-heartened-at-prospect-of--end-to-stem.html>.
  7. President Discusses Stem Cell Research, August 9, 2001
  8. Martin, et. al. Human embryonic stem cells express an immunogenic nonhuman sialic acid., Nature Medicine(11), 228 - 232 (2005)
  9. H.R. 810 THOMAS
  10. S. 5 THOMAS