Scientists & Engineers for America

Embryonic Stem Cell Research

Excerpted from Congressional Research Services Report RL33540
Updated June 28, 2007
Judith A. Johnson
Specialist in Life Sciences
Domestic Social Policy Division
Erin D. Williams
Specialist in Bioethical Policy
Domestic Social Policy Division
Read the full report.

Embryonic stem cells have the ability to develop into virtually any cell in the body, and they may have the potential to treat medical conditions such as diabetes and Parkinson’s disease. In August 2001, President Bush announced that for the first time, federal funds would be used to support research on human embryonic stem cells, but funding would be limited “existing stem cell lines.” NIH has established a registry of 78 human embryonic stem cell lines that are eligible for use in federally funded research, but only 21 cell lines are currently available. Scientists are concerned about the quality and longevity of these 21 stem cell lines. NIH Director Elias Zerhouni stated before a Senate subcommittee in March 2007 that research advancement requires access to new human embryonic stem cell lines.

Some have argued that adult stem cells (from bone marrow or umbilical cord blood) should be pursued instead of embryonic stem cells because they believe the derivation of stem cells from embryos is ethically unacceptable. The NIH Director and many other scientists believe adult stem cells should not be the sole target of research because of important scientific and technical limitations. Reports issued by NIH and the Institute of Medicine state that both embryonic and adult stem cell research should be pursued. Some scientists are exploring the possibility of obtaining human embryonic stem cells that bypass the destruction of living human embryos. The President’s Council on Bioethics cited four potential alternative sources of human embryonic stem cells in a May 2005 paper. A number of pro-life advocates support stem cell research; those opposed are concerned that stem cell isolation requires embryo destruction.

On January 11, 2007, the House passed H.R. 3 (DeGette). H.R. 3 would allow federal support of research that utilizes human embryonic stem cells regardless of the date on which the stem cells were derived from a human embryo, and thus negate the August 2001 Bush stem cell policy limitation. The Senate passed S. 5 (Reid) on April 11, the House passed S. 5 on June 7, and President Bush vetoed the bill on June 20, 2007. S. 5 is the same as H.R. 3 except it has an additional section supporting research on alternative human pluripotent stem cells. (The 109th Congress passed legislation identical to H.R. 3, H.R. 810 (Castle), but President Bush vetoed it, the first veto of his presidency. An attempt in the House to override the veto was unsuccessful.) On the related issue of human cloning, the House failed to pass H.R. 2560 on June 7, 2007. The bill would impose penalties on anyone who cloned a human embryo and implanted it in a uterus. S. 812 (Hatch) would ban human reproductive cloning but allow for the therapeutic uses of the technique. In contrast, the Weldon bill, H.R. 2564, (a similar version of which passed the House in the 107th and 108th Congresses) and S. 1036 (Brownback) would ban not only reproductive applications, but also research on therapeutic uses, which has implications for stem cell research. Advocates of the legislative ban say that allowing any form of human cloning research to proceed raises serious ethical issues, and will inevitably lead to the birth of a baby who is a human clone. Critics argue that the measure would curtail medical research and prevent Americans from receiving life-saving treatments created overseas.

Pages: 1 2

Login/Register to EditWIKI:

Our issue pages are taken from Congressional Research Service reports to guarantee objectivity and accuracy. You can help us by expanding the discussion on this issue.

[1] On January 11, 2007 Representative Steve Kagen, M.D. put out a press release focused on Stem Cell research.

[2] On January 11, 2007 Representative Heath Shuler put out a press release on Embryonic Stem Cell research.

[3] On January 11, 2007 Representative Jim Gerlach put out a press release regarding his stance for Stem Cell research.

[4] On June 7, 2007 Representative Jason Altmire put out a press release detailing his vote for Stem Cell research.